GRE阅读中的同位语结构

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　　GRE阅读中的同位语结构

　　同位语结构

　　同位语是用来对名词或者是名词代词作进一步的解释，一般说来它有单词、短语和从句三种形式。同位语从句是名词从句的一种，置于某些名词之后，如fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question等等。这种从句通常是由that引导的，有时也会用到如what, why, whether, when等来引导。

　　同位语从句和定语从句在句子结构上有一定的相似,容易使人混淆.要注意在同位语从句中that, what, who等连接代(副)词在句中并不充当句子成分。

　　在进行英文阅读时，要注意同位语与本位语分割的现象，这种现象常常会造成阅读理解上的困难，特别是发生在句子结构本身十分复杂的时候。例如：

　　The word radar, coined as a code name in World War II, was derived from the phrase Radio Detection And Ranging.这句话的中文意思是radar(雷达)这个词，是第二次世界大战期间作为一个代号而造出来的，是Radio Detection And Ranging(无线电探测和定位)这个词组的缩写。本句的radar是word的同位语。同位语常常表示本位语的另一种说法，指出本位语的具体内容或者列举、突出本位语的一部分内容。同位语一般置于本位语之后，可以不用标点符号隔开，也可以用逗号、冒号或破折号隔开，例如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.这里thought就和它的由that引导的同位语从句被谓语部分came to him所分割。

　　There is a growing realization that had Saddam Hussein focused his missile-development pr.rams on this sort of hardware rather than developing the Scud, Desert Storm could have seen targ in Saudi Arabia and Israel bombarded by weapons whose miss distance might have been measured in terms of tens or hundreds of meters rather than kilometers.

　　句子解析：这个句子的主干部分十分简短，即There is a growing realization. That引导的是虚拟的关于realization的同位语从句，并且在这个从句中还有一个whose引导的定语从句用于修饰weapons。

　　句子翻译：现在人们越来越认识到，如果沙达姆 .侯赛因当初将其导弹发展计划集中在这种硬件而不是发展“飞毛腿”导弹，那么“沙漠风暴”行动中，轰炸沙特阿拉伯和以色列的导弹发射的误差距离恐怕就不会以千米而是以几十或几百米测算了。

　　GRE阅读材料练习：摩天大楼向更高处伸展

　　A new lightweight lift cable will let buildings soar ever upward.WHEN Elisha Otis stood on a platform at the 1854 World Fair in New York and ordered an axeman to cut the rope used to hoist him aloft, he changed cityscapes for ever.To the amazement of the crowd his new safety lift dropped only a few inches before being held by an automatic braking system.This gave people the confidence to use what Americans insist on calling elevators.That confidence allowed buildings to rise higher and higher.

　　一种新型的轻型升降梯将会让建筑继续向更高处发展.当艾利沙·奥的斯在1854年纽约世界博览会上站在一个高楼的阳台下，命令一个持斧的人砍断那个把他带到高空的绳索时，他彻底改变了人们对城市景观的印象。为了吸引人群的眼光，在新的自动制动系统起动前，他只让他的新安全电梯降落了几英寸。这让人们在使用电梯时-美国人坚持这个称呼有了足够的信心，也正是缘于这种信心，后来的建筑造得越来越高。

　　They could soon go higher still, as a result of another breakthrough in

　　lift technology.This week Kone, a Finnish liftmaker, announced that after a decade of development at its laboratory in Lohja, which sits above a 333-metre-deep mineshaft which the firm uses as a test bed, it has devised a system that should be able to raise an elevator a kilometre or more.This is twice as far as the things can go at present.Since the effectiveness of lifts is one of the main constraints on the height of buildings, Kone's technology—which replaces the steel cables from which lift cars are currently suspended with ones made of carbon fibres—could result in buildings truly worthy of the name “skyscraper”.

　　当另一种升降技术取得突破后，很快，高楼大厦将会继续往更高处发展。本周，一家荷兰的电梯制造者—通力声称，该公司位于洛雅的实验室—该实验室坐落于一个333米深的，用于试验的矿井上方—经过数十年的研究，开发了一种可以让电梯升高到一公里甚至更高的系统。这个高度是现在电梯可以达到高度的二倍。因为电梯高度是建筑物高度的主要制约因素之一，所以通力的技术—将以碳纤维取代目前技术中，让升降车悬浮于半空的钢索—会让那些摩天大楼能够真正配得上这个名字。

　　The problem with steel cables is that they are heavy.Any given bit of rope has to pull up not only the car and the flexible travelling cables that take electricity and communications to it, but also all the rope beneath it.The job is made easier by counterweights.But even so in a lift 500 metres tall steel ropes account for up to three-quarters of the moving mass of the machine.Shifting this mass takes energy, so taller lifts are more expensive to run.

　　钢索的不足就是它们太重了。任何指定的绳索除了要承载汽车和柔性移动电缆—让电力和通信可以和它连接起来的电缆—的重量，还要承担它们下面所有绳索的重力。而这些如果借助平衡力的话会轻松得多。但是，即使在一个500米高的电梯中，钢索的重量也高达整个机械移动重量的四分之三。而要移动这个重量就很耗能，因此越高的电梯，它的运行成本就越高。

　　And adding to the mass, by making the ropes longer, would soon come uncomfortably close to the point where the steel would snap under the load.Kone says it is able to reduce the weight of lift ropes by around 90% with its carbon-fibre replacement, dubbed UltraRope.Roped togetherCarbon fibres are both stronger and lighter than steel.In particular, they have great tensile strength, meaning they are hard to break when their ends are pulled.

　　在绳索越来越长的情况下，移动的重量也会越来越大，这样就会很快达到钢索的承重极限，而这些会让人们感到不安。通力表示，用碳纤维取代钢索可以让升降索的重量减少约90%，他们称之为“超级钢丝绳”。牢牢捆在一起碳纤维绳索比钢索更牢，却更轻。通常，它们的拉伸强度很高，就是说当用力拉它们的两端时，它们很难会被拉断。

　　That strength comes from the chemical bonds between carbon atoms: the same sort that give strength to diamonds.Kone embeds tubes made of carbon fibres in epoxy, and covers the result in a tough coating to resist wear and tear.According to Johannes de Jong, Kone's head of technology for large projects, the steel ropes in a 400-metre-high lift weigh about 18,650kg.An UltraRope for such a lift would weigh 1,170kg.

　　这种强度来自于碳原子间的化学键：这也是金钢石之所以坚固的原因。通力公司把碳纤维制成的管状物嵌入环氧树脂，再在外层涂上坚固的涂层，以防止磨损。根据通力大型项目技术负责人约翰内斯-德荣表示，一个400米高电梯的钢索重量大约重18.65吨。而如果在同样的电梯中，使用能够达到相同有效高度的超级钢丝绳，后者的重量将为1.17吨。

　　Altogether, the lift using the UltraRope would weigh 45% less than the one with the steel rope.Besides reducing power consumption, lighter ropes make braking a car easier should something go wrong.Carbon-fibre ropes should also, according to Mr de Jong, cut maintenance bills, because they will last twice as long as steel ones.Moreover, carbon fibre resonates at a different frequency to other building materials, which means it sways less as skyscrapers move in high winds—which is what tall buildings are designed to do.

　　总之，一个电梯，如果使用超级钢丝绳，那它的重量将比使用钢索时减少45%。除了能够降低功效外，较轻的绳索能够制动一辆更容易会出事的汽车。据德荣先生表示，碳纤维绳也应该能够减少维修费用，因为它们的使用寿命比钢索高一倍。此外，在一个不同的频率上，碳纤维与其它建筑材料有着共振效应，这就是说，当高楼在大风中晃动时，这个超级钢丝绳的晃动幅度不会那么大—而这就是高层建筑设计的初衷。

　　At the moment a high wind can cause a building's lifts to be shut down. Carbon-fibre ropes would mean that happened less often.All of which is worthy and important. But what really excites architects and developers is the fact that carbon-fibre ropes will let buildings rise higher—a lot higher.Lighter, stronger ropes mean the main limiting factor in constructing higher skyscrapers would become the cost, says Antony Wood, an architect at the Illinois Institute of Technology, in Chicago.

　　当前，一场大风会让一幢建筑的电梯完全停工。但是碳纤维绳索的诞生表明这种现象不会频频出现了。上述这些都很重要，而且是值得的。但是，真正刺激建筑师和开发商的是，碳纤维绳索会让建筑越来越高—比现在的高楼还要高很多。伊利诺伊理工学院—位于美国芝加哥—的建筑师安东尼-伍德表示：更轻，更牢的绳索意味着，限制建造更高摩天大楼的主要问题将会转到成本上。

　　Dr Wood is also executive director of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, which, among other things, lists the official heights of skyscrapers.At present the tallest is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which was completed in 2010 and, at 828 metres, shot past the previous record-holder, the 508-metre Taipei 101 tower.The Mecca Royal Clock Tower in Saudi Arabia, completed in 2012, is now, at 601 metres, the second-tallest.

　　伍德博士也是高层建筑与城市人居理事会的执行董事，该机构在有关其它方面的记录中，列出了官方规定的摩天大厦的高度。目前为止，的高层建筑是迪拜的迪拜塔，完工于2010年，高达828米，完全超过了以前的建筑—位于台北的，高达508米的101大楼。于2012年完工的麦家皇家钟楼位于沙特阿拉伯，高达601米，现在是第二高建筑。

　　The Freedom Tower in lower Manhattan, built near the site of the World Trade Centre's twin towers that were destroyed by al-Qaeda in 2001, had its spire added in May to reach 541 metres.But work has now started on the Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Its exact proposed height is still a secret, but it will be at least a kilometre.With a big enough budget it would, says Dr Wood, now be possible to build a mile-high skyscraper.

　　曼哈顿下城的自由塔于今年三月加高了塔尖，已经达到了541米，离它不远就是以前世贸中心的双子塔，分别达到了417米和415米，但是在2001年被基地组织摧毁。沙特阿拉伯的吉达王国塔现正在建造中，建造计划中的高度具体是多少还未公开，但是估计至少为一公里。伍德博士说，它的建造成本将会是个庞大的数字，可能相当于现在建造一英里高的摩天大楼的成本。

　　Even with carbon-fibre ropes few of such a building's lifts would go all the way from the entrance lobby to the observation deck.Most would debouch into intermediate sky lobbies, where passengers could change lifts.Such an arrangement is already familiar. Many skyscrapers are more like three-stage rockets, with different buildings stacked one on top of another—offices, a hotel and apartments.

　　即使使用碳纤维绳索，要直接从入口大厅乘电梯到观景台，就算在如此规模的高层建筑里也很少见。大部分都是涌进中间的大厅，从那里乘客们再换乘电梯。类似的安排人们早已经了解了。很多摩天大楼更像三级火箭，里面不同功用的建筑一个堆一个—办公楼，酒店和公寓。

　　Sky lobbies mark the frontiers between these uses.But carbon-fibre ropes will allow each of these stages to be taller, too.The sky's the limitNor need carbon-fibre lift-cables be confined to buildings.They could eventually make an idea from science fiction a reality too.Space lifts, dreamed up in the late 1950s, are a way of getting into orbit without using a rocket.Building one would mean lowering a cable from a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit above the Earth's equator while deploying a counterbalancing cable out into space.

　　中间的大厅就是这些不同功用建筑的分界点。但是同样，碳纤维索能让这些不同功用的建筑越来越高。天空不是无 界的碳纤维电梯电缆并不局限于建筑的使用。它们最终也会从科学幻想变成现实中存在的东西。人们在二十世纪五十年代想象出来的太空电梯就是一个不需要火箭，就可以进入轨道的设备。建造这样一个设备将意味着，会架设一条在地球同步轨道卫星下方，地球赤道上方的电缆，同时还可以在太空中有效利用这个对重平衡电缆。

　　The cable from Earth to the satellite would not be a classic lift rope because it would not, itself, move.But it would perform a similar function of support as robotic cars crawled up and down it, ferrying people and equipment to and from the satellite—whence they could depart into the cosmos.There are, of course, many obstacles to building such a lift.But the answer to one—finding a material that is light and strong enough for the cable—might just have emerged from that mineshaft in Finland.

　　从地球连接到卫星的电缆将不会成为一个经典的电梯电缆，因为它本身将不再移动。但是，当机器人汽车在它上面往返于地球与卫星之间，运送人们和设备时，它将执行一个类似的支持功能，同时人们从卫星上可以出发遨游宇宙。当然，建造这样一种电梯还有很多问题，但是，答案就是—寻找一个足够透光性和牢固的材料来制作电缆—而这种材料可能刚好就产自于芬兰的矿井。

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